The COVID-19 crisis has, among many other things, caused a rise in non-performing loans. A combination of government measures has been helping to cushion the effects from COVID and COVID containment measures on firm and household finances, thus mitigating the immediate effects on firm failures and household bankruptcies. As these measures are phased out, firm failures and non-performing loans may rise. How severely will this affect bank balance sheets and profitability? What do bank stress tests tell us, where are their limits? What are the implications for banks’ business strategies including loan provisioning, and for financial regulation and supervision?